Significance and Use

CT may be performed on an object when it is in the as-cast, intermediate, or final machined condition. A CT examination can be used as a design tool to improve wax forms and moldings, establish process parameters, randomly check process control, perform final quality control (QC) examination for the acceptance or rejection of parts, and analyze failures and extend component lifetimes.

The most common applications of CT for castings are for the following: locating and characterizing discontinuities, such as porosity, inclusions, cracks, and shrink; measuring as-cast part dimensions for comparison with design dimensions; and extracting dimensional measurements for reverse engineering.

The extent to which a CT image reproduces an object or a feature within an object is dictated largely by the competing influences of spatial resolution, contrast discrimination, and artifacts of the imaging system. Operating parameters strike an overall balance between image quality, examination time, and cost.

Artifacts are often the limiting factor in CT image quality. (See Practice E 1570 for an in-depth discussion of artifacts.) Artifacts are reproducible features in an image that are not related to actual features in the object. Artifacts can be considered correlated noise because they form repeatable fixed patterns under given conditions yet carry no object information. For castings, it is imperative to recognize what is and is not an artifact since an artifact can obscure or masquerade as a discontinuity. Artifacts are most prevalent in castings with long straight edges or complex geometries, or both.

1. Scope

1.1 This practice covers a uniform procedure for the examination of castings by the computed tomography (CT) technique. The requirements expressed in this practice are intended to control the quality of the nondestructive examination by CT and are not intended for controlling the acceptability or quality of the castings. This practice implicitly suggests the use of penetrating radiation, specifically X rays and gamma rays.

1.2 This practice provides a uniform procedure for a CT examination of castings for one or more of the following purposes:

1.2.1 Examining for discontinuities, such as porosity, inclusions, cracks, and shrink;

1.2.2 Performing metrological measurements and determining dimensional conformance; and

1.2.3 Determining reverse engineering data, that is, creating computer-aided design (CAD) data files.

This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety statements, see Section 7, NBS Handbook 114 , and 21 CFR 1020.40 and 29 CFR 1910.96.

2. Referenced Documents (purchase separately) The documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard.

ASTM Standards

E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing

E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations

E1441 Guide for Computed Tomography (CT) Imaging

E1570 Practice for Computed Tomographic (CT) Examination

E1672 Guide for Computed Tomography (CT) System Selection

E1695 Test Method for Measurement of Computed Tomography (CT) System Performance

ASNT Documents

Military Standards

Code of Federal Regulations

Keywords

castings; computed tomography; CT; examination; NDE; nondestructive evaluation; nondestructive examination;

ICS Code

ICS Number Code 77.040.20 (Non-destructive testing of metals)

DOI: 10.1520/E1814-96R07

ASTM International is a member of CrossRef.

ASTM E1814