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eLibrary >
Ontario Ministry of Transportation, Pavement Design and Rehabilitation Manual, 2nd Edition, 2013 >
Ontario Ministry of Transportation, Pavement Design and Rehabilitation Manual, 2nd Edition, 2013, 2013
- 1 Materials [Go to Page]
- 1.1 Subgrade Materials [Go to Page]
- 1.1.1 Soil and Rock Identification and Classification [Go to Page]
- Physiography of Ontario
- Soil Classification
- Soil Descriptions
- Engineering Properties
- Rock
- 1.1.2 Soil Investigations [Go to Page]
- Vehicle-Mounted Power Augers
- Manual Augers
- Organic Samplers
- Backhoes
- Core Drilling Equipment for Rock
- Sampling Depths and Locations
- Water Well Regulation 903
- 1.1.3 Soil Tests [Go to Page]
- Particle Size Analysis, LS 702
- Moisture Content, LS 701
- Atterberg Limits, LS 703 and LS 704
- Moisture / Density Relationship, LS 706 and LS 707
- California Bearing Ratio
- Field Vane Test
- 1.1.4 Specialized Soil Testing
- 1.1.5 Lime Treated Subgrades
- 1.2 Granular Materials [Go to Page]
- 1.2.1 Use of Granular Materials In Pavement Structures [Go to Page]
- Granular A
- Granular B
- Granular M
- Granular O
- Select Subgrade Material (SSM)
- 1.2.2 Pre-Contract Granular Material Sampling
- 1.2.3 Pre-Contract Granular Material Testing [Go to Page]
- Sieve analysis of aggregate, LS 602
- Micro-Deval , LS 618 and LS 619
- Petrographic Analysis of Coarse Aggregate, LS 609
- Plasticity Index, LS 703 and LS 704 and LS-631
- Percent Crushed, LS 607
- 1.3.1 Hydraulic (Portland) Cement Modified Base and Subbase [Go to Page]
- Cement Treated Base
- Lean Concrete Base
- Roller Compacted Concrete
- Open Graded Drainage Layer
- 1.3.2 Asphalt Treated Granular Materials [Go to Page]
- Bituminous Treated Base
- Emulsion Stabilized Base
- Asphalt Treated Open Graded Drainage Layer
- Expanded Asphalt Stabilization
- 1.3.3 Lime and Fly Ash Treated Granular Materials
- 1.3.4 Calcium Chloride
- 1.3.5 Miscellaneous Granular Treatments [Go to Page]
- Lignosulphonate
- Controlled Density Backfill (Unshrinkable Fill)
- 1.4 Asphaltic Materials [Go to Page]
- 1.4.1 Asphalt Material Categories [Go to Page]
- Hot Mix Asphaltic Concrete
- a) Stone Mastic Asphalt
- b) SuperPave
- c) Warm Mix Asphaltic Concrete
- Cold Mix Asphaltic Concrete
- Surface Treatment
- Surface Treatment Applications
- Other Asphalt Surface Treatments
- Recycled Mixes [Go to Page]
- Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement and Roof Shingle Tabs
- Hot-In-Place Recycling
- Cold-In-Place Recycling (CIR)
- Cold-In-Place Recycling Expanded Asphalt Mix
- 1.4.2 Asphalt Cement, Liquid Asphalt and Emulsified Asphalt [Go to Page]
- Asphalt Cement [Go to Page]
- Performance Graded Asphalt Cement (PGAC)
- Liquid Asphalt
- Emulsified Asphalt
- Additives
- 1.4.3 Aggregates [Go to Page]
- Micro-Deval , LS 618 and LS 619
- Magnesium Sulphate Soundness, LS 606
- Absorption, LS 604 and LS 605
- Petrographic Analysis, LS 609
- Loss By Washing, LS 601
- Flat and Elongated Particles, LS 608
- Percentage Crushed, LS 607
- 1.4.4 Hot Mix ASPHALT Design [Go to Page]
- SuperPave Method
- 1.5 Hydraulic (Portland) Cement Concrete [Go to Page]
- 1.5.1 Concrete Properties [Go to Page]
- Durability [Go to Page]
- Freeze - Thaw
- Salt Penetration
- Sulphate Attack
- Traffic Abrasion
- Flexural Strength
- 1.5.2 Hydraulic Cement
- 1.5.3 Aggregates [Go to Page]
- Gradation
- Particle Shape and Texture
- Freeze-Thaw Resistance
- Wearing Resistance
- Chemical Stability
- 1 5.4 Mixture Design [Go to Page]
- Pervious Concrete
- 1.5.5 Cementitious Fly ash Grout
- 1.5.6 Materials for Fast-track Concrete Pavement Repairs
- 1.6 Other Materials [Go to Page]
- 1.6.1 Lightweight Fill [Go to Page]
- Iron Blast Furnace Slag
- Expanded or Expanded and Extruded Polystyrene
- 1.6.2 Expanded Extruded Polystyrene Insulation
- 1.6.3 Geotextiles [Go to Page]
- Filtration
- Drainage
- Separation
- Reinforcing Geotextile
- References to Chapter 1
- Bibilography to Chapter 1
- Appendix A:
- 2 Drainage [Go to Page]
- 2.1 Classification and Function of Drainage Systems [Go to Page]
- 2.1.1 Sources of water
- 2.1.2 Surface Drainage [Go to Page]
- Open Graded Pavement
- Permeable Pavements
- 2.1.3 Internal Drainage
- 2.1.4 Groundwater Control and Slope Drainage
- 2.2 Effects of Water on Pavement Structure [Go to Page]
- 2.2.1 Frost Action
- 2.2.2 Material Strength
- 2.2.3 Rigid Pavement Joint Performance
- 2.2.4 Durability of Bonded Materials
- 2.3 Design of Drainage Systems for Pavement Structures [Go to Page]
- 2.3.1 Rural and Urban Drainage Systems
- 2.3.2 Open-Graded Drainage Layers
- 2.3.3 Subsurface Collector Systems
- 2.3.4 Filter Design
- 2.4 Groundwater Control and Soil Slope Drainage Systems [Go to Page]
- 2.4.1 Interceptor Drains
- 2.4.2 Parallel Drains
- 2.4.3 Granular Sheeting
- 2.4.4 Counterfort Drain
- 2.4.5 Drainage Blanket Under Pavement Structures
- 2.5 Prediction of Soil Erodibility
- 2.6 Maintenance
- References to Chapter 2
- 3 Pavement Design [Go to Page]
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Design Considerations [Go to Page]
- 3.2.1 Geometric
- 3.2.2 Pavement Components [Go to Page]
- Definition of Pavement Structure
- Major Functions and Characteristics of Pavement Structure Layers
- Pavement Surface Types and Shoulder
- Partially and Fully Paved Shoulder
- Traffic Volumes [Go to Page]
- Truck Model Based on the Ontario Commercial Vehicle Survey (CVS)
- Axle Loads for Pavement Design
- Allowable Gross and Single Axle Loads [Go to Page]
- Truck or Buses
- Tractor Trailers
- Concept of Load Equivalency Factor
- Determinations of LEF - Canadian Vehicle Weights and Dimensions Study
- Measurements of Axle Loads Using Weight-In-Motion (WIM)
- Calculation of ESALs - SHRP Simplified Method
- Modified Asphalt Institute Method
- Ontario Method to Calculate ESAL
- Example of Design ESAL Calculation (Modified Asphalt Institute Method)
- Axle Load Spectrum
- Overloads
- Criteria for Spring (Reduced Load) Restrictions
- 3.2.4 Environmental Conditions [Go to Page]
- Temperatures
- Moisture and Rainfall
- Snow
- Icing
- 3.2.5 Frost Protection [Go to Page]
- Causes and Effects of Frost Action
- Frost-Susceptibility of Soils
- Frost Depth
- Methods of Limiting Frost Action and Differential Frost Heaving in Pavement Designs
- Methods of Treating Frost Heaves
- 3.2.6 Pavement Design Requirements [Go to Page]
- Serviceability
- Design Life and Service Life
- 3.2.7 Limitations [Go to Page]
- Time Constraints
- Costs
- Quantity and Availability of Materials
- Timing of Contract
- Contract Bidding and Marketplace Constraints
- 3.2.8 Pavement Selection Process
- 3.3 Structural Design [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- 3.3.1 Structural Design Methods
- 3.3.2 Pavement Types [Go to Page]
- Flexible Pavement
- Rigid Pavement [Go to Page]
- Design Types
- Base, Subbase and Subgrade
- Joints [Go to Page]
- a) Joint Types
- b) Contraction Joints
- c) Construction Joints
- d) Isolation Joints
- e) Expansion Joints
- f) Joint Sealants
- Composite Pavements
- 3.3.3 Flexible Pavements Design [Go to Page]
- Factors to be Considered
- Ministry Design Methods [Go to Page]
- Routine (Empirical) Method – Experience-Based Standard Sections
- Routine (Empirical) Method – AASHTO Pavement Design Guide 1993
- Mechanistic-Empirical Based Method – OPAC 2000
- AASHTO 2002 - Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (AASHTOWare Pavement ME Design)
- Other Design Methods [Go to Page]
- Asphalt Institute
- PerRoad Software
- 3.3.4 Rigid Pavement Design [Go to Page]
- Background
- Rigid Pavement Design Considerations
- Ministry Design Methods [Go to Page]
- Other Design Considerations
- AASHTO Thickness Design Procedure (DARWin)
- PCA Thickness Design Procedure
- ACPA StreetPave Program
- AASHTO – MEPDG (AASHTOWare Pavement ME Design)
- 3.3.5 Overlays and RehabilItation Design [Go to Page]
- Ministry Design Methods [Go to Page]
- Asphalt Over Asphalt
- Asphalt Over Concrete
- Concrete Over Asphalt
- Concrete Over Concrete
- 3.4 Life Cycle Costing Analysis [Go to Page]
- 3.4.1 Cost/Benefits Factors [Go to Page]
- Costs
- Benefits
- Analysis Period
- Discount Rate – Inflation and Interest Rate
- 3.4.2 Methods of Economic Evaluation [Go to Page]
- Present Worth Method [Go to Page]
- Simplified Procedure
- Probabilistic Procedure
- Equivalent Uniform Annual Cost Method
- Benefit-Cost Ratio Method
- 3.4.3 The Ontario Pavement Analysis of Costs
- 3.4.4 Additional Factors in Selecting a Design Alternative
- 3.5 Low Volume Road Design – Under 2000 AADT [Go to Page]
- 3.5.1 Design Factors to be Considered
- 3.5.2 Surface Type, Hot Mix Vs. Surface Treatment
- 3.6 Construction [Go to Page]
- 3.6.1 Seasonal Restrictions
- 3.6.2 Equipment
- 3.6.3 Production Constraints
- 3.6.4 Production and Placement
- 3.6.5 Preparation of Foundations
- 3.6.6 Compaction
- 3.6.7 Quality Control
- 3.6.8 Paving
- 3.6.9 Detours
- 3.6.10 Traffic Control
- 3.6.11 Staging
- 3.6.12 Geographic Considerations
- 3.7 Determining The Scope Of Soils Investigations [Go to Page]
- 3.7.1 Resurfacing Projects
- 3.7.2 Widening
- 3.7.3 New Construction or Reconstruction
- 3.7.4 Realignment
- 3.7.5 Muskeg
- 3.7.6 Sewers
- 3.7.7 Culverts
- 3.7.8 Sampling and Testing Requirements
- References to Chapter 3
- Appendix A:
- 4 Maintenance, Preservation and Rehabilitation [Go to Page]
- 4.1 Maintenance, Preservation and Rehabilitation Strategies
- 4.2 Flexible Pavement Maintenance, Preservation and Rehabilitation [Go to Page]
- 4.2.1 Routine Maintenance [Go to Page]
- Potholes
- Roadside Maintenance
- Drainage Maintenance
- Spray Patching
- Localized Distortion Repair
- 4.2.2 Minor Rehabilitation / Preservation [Go to Page]
- Factors Affecting Selection of Rehabilitation Activities
- Rout & Seal Cracks*
- Hot Mix Patching*
- Surface Sealing*
- Texturization*
- Asphalt Strip Repairs*
- Hot Mix Resurfacing*
- Partial-Depth Removal and Hot Mix Resurfacing*
- In-Place Recycling*
- Cold Mix with Sealed Surface Course* (Midland Paver)
- Distortion Corrections (Grinding, Milling, Heating and Raking)
- Drainage Improvements
- Frost Treatments
- Roadside Slopes and Erosion Control
- 4.2.3 Major Rehabiltation [Go to Page]
- Full-Depth Removal and Resurfacing
- Full Depth Reclamation (Pulverization) with Resurfacing
- Full Depth Reclamation with Expanded Asphalt Stabilization (EAS)
- Unbonded Concrete Overlays
- Whitetopping
- 4.3 Rigid Pavement Maintenance, Preservation and Rehabilitation [Go to Page]
- 4.3.1 Routine Maintenance [Go to Page]
- Potholes (Composite Pavements)
- Spall Repairs
- Blow-ups
- Localized Distortion Repair
- 4.3.2 Minor Rehabilitation / Preservation [Go to Page]
- Resealing Joints and Sealing Cracks*
- Load Transfer Retrofit*
- Full-Depth Joint Repair*
- Full-Depth Stress Relief Joints*
- Milling of Stepped Joints and Distortions*
- Subsealing and Joint Stabilization*
- Surface Texturization* (Diamond Grinding)
- HMA Resurfacing*
- 4.3.3 Major Rehabilitation [Go to Page]
- Bonded and Unbonded Concrete Overlays
- Cracking and Seating (with Resurfacing)
- Rubblizing and Resurfacing
- Widening and Shoulder Retrofits
- Full-Depth Slab Repair
- Precast Concrete Slab Repair
- 4.4 Surface Treatment Maintenance, Preservation and Rehabilitation [Go to Page]
- 4.4.1 Routine Maintenance [Go to Page]
- Drainage Improvement
- 4.4.2 Minor Rehabilitation / Preservation [Go to Page]
- Spray Patching*
- Chip Sealing*
- Leveling*
- Full Depth Patching*
- 4.4.3 Major Rehabilitation [Go to Page]
- Surface Treatment (Single and Double)
- Pulverization or Scarification and Resurfacing
- 4.5 Sustainable Pavement Rehabilitation Strategies [Go to Page]
- 4.5.1 MTO Green Pavement Rating System - GreenPave
- 4.5.2 Preservation Strategies
- References to Chapter 4
- Appendix A:
- 5 Evaluation and Pavement Management [Go to Page]
- 5.1 Pavement Evaluation and Performance [Go to Page]
- 5.1.1 Purpose of Evaluation
- 5.1.2 Evaluation of Distresses [Go to Page]
- Summary of Procedures
- 5.1.3 Evaluation of Roughness [Go to Page]
- Riding Condition Rating (RCR)
- International Roughness Index (IRI)
- Automated Road Analyzer (ARAN®)
- California Profilograph
- 5.1.4 Evaluation of Transverse Profile and Texture [Go to Page]
- Skid Resistance [Go to Page]
- ASTM E 274 Brake Force Trailer
- Photo-Interpretation Method
- Rut Depth [Go to Page]
- Template Method
- Rod and Level
- ARAN®
- Laser Road Surface Tester (LRST)
- 5.1.5 Evaluation of Pavement Structure [Go to Page]
- Destructive Structural Evaluation [Go to Page]
- Augering
- Coring
- Cutting
- Non-Destructive Structural Evaluation [Go to Page]
- Dynaflect
- Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD)
- 5.1.6 Evaluation of Pavement Performance [Go to Page]
- Pavement Condition Rating (PCR)
- Pavement Condition Index (PCI)
- 5.2 Pavement Management Systems [Go to Page]
- 5.2.1 Components of a Pavement Management System [Go to Page]
- Database
- Project Level Management
- Network Level Management
- 5.2.2 MTO Pavement Management Systems [Go to Page]
- Salient Features of PMS-2
- Components of PMS-2 [Go to Page]
- Network Level Database
- Pavement Condition Evaluation and Performance Measures
- Provincial Performance Targets and Trigger Values
- Performance Prediction
- Treatment Selection
- Prioritization and Work Programming
- Network-Level Analysis and Budgeting
- Engineering Feedback Mechanism
- 5.2.3 Other Pavement Management Systems
- References to Chapter 5
- Appendix A:
- Appendix B:
- AC Pavement [Go to Page]
- No.
- Distress Type
- PCC Pavement [Go to Page]
- No.
- Distress Type
- COMPOSITE Pavement [Go to Page]
- No.
- Distress Type
- ST(SURFACE TREATED) Pavement [Go to Page]
- No.
- Distress Type [Go to Page]
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