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AWWA Manual M21 Groundwater, Fifth Edition, 2024
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Chapter 1
- The Occurrence and Behavior of Groundwater
- HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
- IDENTIFICATION OF SUITABLE GROUNDWATER SUPPLIES
- LAND SUBSIDENCE
- GROUNDWATER TERMS
- REFERENCES
- Chapter 2
- Wells—Types, Construction, and Use
- TYPES OF WELLS AND THEIR CONSTRUCTION
- COMMON WELL COMPONENTS
- WELL DESIGN PROCEDURE
- PUMPS
- PUMP SELECTION
- OPERATING CONDITIONS
- ELECTRIC MOTOR SELECTION
- PUMP INSTALLATION
- SANITARY PROTECTION
- REFERENCES
- Chapter 3
- Operations—Tracking Data and Identifying Problems
- DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION RECORDS
- PUMP DATA
- WELL ACCEPTANCE AND PUMPING TEST
- EVALUATING WELL PERFORMANCE
- WELL MAINTENANCE
- WELL ABANDONMENT
- WELL LOSSES
- SUMMARY
- References
- Chapter 4
- Operations Problems, Well Plugging, and Methods of Correction
- EVALUATING WELL PERFORMANCE
- POOR WELL PERFORMANCE
- COMMON PUMP OPERATING PROBLEMS
- PHYSICAL CAUSES OF WELL DETERIORATION
- TREATMENT OF CLOGGING AND FOULING PROBLEMS
- ECONOMICS OF CLEANING PLUGGED WELLS
- CASE STUDIES
- SUMMARY
- REFERENCES
- Chapter 5
- Groundwater Quality and Treatment
- CHEMICALS IN GROUNDWATER
- GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION
- TREATMENT
- REFERENCES
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Chapter 6
- Conclusion
- REFERENCES
- Appendix A
- Lime Softening Calculation
- Figure A-2 Milliequivalent diagram after lime softening
- Figure A-1 Milliequivalent diagram
- Figure 5-20 Hypochlorite installation
- Figure 5-19 Typical chlorine cylinder installation
- Figure 5-9 Alkalinity diagram
- Figure 5-8 Magnetic ion exchange (MIEX) unit top
- Figure 5-7 Ion-exchange tanks
- Figure 5-6 Interior of how packed tower works
- Figure 5-5 Packed tower
- Figure 5-4 Tray aerator—plastic showing major iron deposition
- Figure 5-3 Tray aeration—aluminum
- Figure 5-2 Flow of contamination from a ponded surface source into an aquifer
- Figure 5-1 Nitrogen in drinking water wells in California
- Figure 4-8 Changes in bacterial colonies after treatment began in December 1992
- Figure 4-7 Venice reverse-osmosis well construction after rehabilitation
- Figure 4-6 Example of corroded column pipe
- Figure 4-5 Example of well performance history
- Figure 4-4 Well efficiency monitoring, Catamount Wellfield, well No. 54
- Figure 4-3 Sand separator
- Figure 4-2 Centrifugal sand sampler
- Figure 3-10 Long-term water pumping report
- Figure 3-9 Long-term water quality tracking chart (arsenic)
- Figure 3-8 Long-term water-level tracking chart for a monitoring well (MW)
- Figure 3-7 Certified flow meter test record
- Figure 3-6(a) and (b) Record of well development
- Figure 3-5(a), (b), and (c) Record of well drilling, construction, and completion
- Figure 3-4(a), (b) and (c) Well and site inventory form (Continued)
- Figure 3-3 Water-level data report to monitor changes to long-term sustainability
- Figure 3-2 Specific capacity monitoring
- Figure 3-1 Graph and schematic illustrating seasonal differences in the quality of water from a public-supply well in California. Review of historic water quality data helped draw attention to the way in which the wellbore itself functioned as a preferent
- Figure 2-16 Jet-type deep-well pump
- Figure 2-15 Airlift pump: (A) bottom inlet; (B) side inlet; (C) casing inlet
- Figure 2-14 Plunger-type pump
- Figure 2-13 Rotary-displacement pump
- Figure 2-12 Submersible pump
- Figure 2-11 Vertical deep-well turbine pump (like Figure 2-10)
- Figure 2-10 Multistage centrifugal pumps
- Figure 2-9 Volute-type centrifugal pumps
- Figure 2-8 Schematic illustrating total static head
- Figure 2-7 Example of well screen with stabilizers
- Figure 2-6 Screen slot size
- Figure 2-5 Two phases of gravel-wall well construction—gravel envelope method
- Figure 2-4 Details of a radial well
- Figure 2-3 Example of a mud pit
- Figure 2-2 Hollow stem drill pipe
- Figure 2-1 Example of drill rig with rotary bit
- Figure 1-9 Development of a cone of depression
- Figure 1-8 Groundwater movement as it relates to topography
- Figure 1-7 Geologic configuration of aquifers and confining beds
- Figure 1-6 Water movement below the earth’s surface
- Figure 1-5 Extreme one-day precipitation events in the contiguous 48 states, 1910–2020
- Figure 1-4(b) Annual precipitation normal (1991–2020)
- Figure 1-4(a) Annual mean temperature normal (1991-2020)
- Figure 1-3 A comparison of evapotranspiration (ET) rates and rainfall in South Florida
- Figure 1-2 Annual average evapotranspiration (ET) rates across the continental United States, 2000–2013
- Figure 1-1 Hydrologic cycle
- Table 2-1 Velocity-head data
- Table 2-2 Friction loss for water in ft per 100 ft (Schedule 40 Steel Pipe)
- Table 2-3 Equivalent length of new straight pipe for valves and fittings for turbulent flow only
- Table 3-1 Framework for identifying redox conditions of groundwater from a well*
- Table 4-1 Virus of concern summary
- Table 4-2 Fictitious example of replacement versus rehabilitation
- Table 4-3 Treatments in well No. 1 summary
- Table 4-4 Well No. 2 results
- Table 5-1 The most representative natural chemical constituents in water, concentrations, and effects on the usability or limitations of the water
- Table 5-2 Water hardness scale
- Table 5-3 Federal USEPA Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWRs)
- Table 5-4 Regulated pesticides detected in groundwater
- Table 5-5 Categories of pharmaceutically active substances (PAS)
- Table 5-6 Major sources of groundwater contamination [Go to Page]