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ASME PTB-15-2023 Full Matrix Capture Training Manual, 2023
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- FOREWORD
- 1 HISTORY [Go to Page]
- 1.1 ASME History
- 1.2 ASME and FMC
- 1.3 History of FMC and TFM
- 1.4 Equivalence of Early Developments
- 2 FMC-TFM [Go to Page]
- 2.1 Full Matrix Capture (FMC) [Go to Page]
- 2.1.1 Principle for Firing and Data Collection
- 2.1.2 FMC Signal Characteristics
- 2.1.3 Typical FMC Signal Explained
- 2.1.4 Alternative Firing and Data Collection Methods
- 2.1.5 FMC Processes Using Different TR Methods
- 2.1.6 FMC Data Size and Storage
- 2.1.7 FMC Data Storage
- 2.2 Total Focusing Method (TFM) [Go to Page]
- 2.2.1 TFM General
- 2.2.2 Principle for Data Reconstruction
- 2.3 Wave Type, Reconstruction Mode [Go to Page]
- 2.3.1 Naming Conventions
- 2.3.2 TFM Modes
- 2.3.3 Some Flaw Strategies
- 2.3.4 Beam Spread Considerations
- 2.3.5 Self-Tandem Modes
- 2.3.6 Effects of Thickness
- 2.4 Amplitude Fidelity [Go to Page]
- 2.4.1 Amplitude Fidelity in Signal Processing
- 2.4.2 Grid Construction
- 2.4.3 TFM Grid Resolution
- 2.5 Scan Plan [Go to Page]
- 2.5.1 Defining the Specimen and the Probe
- 2.5.2 Scan Plan for Specific Flaws
- 2.5.3 Locating the TFM Grid
- 2.5.4 Scan Plan Design
- 2.6 Fourier and Hilbert Transforms [Go to Page]
- 2.6.1 Time vs. Frequency Representation of Signals (Fourier Transform)
- 2.6.2 Hilbert Transform
- 3 TFMS [Go to Page]
- 3.1 Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique [Go to Page]
- 3.1.1 Data Collection
- 3.1.2 Post Processing
- 3.1.3 Resolution
- 3.2 Virtual Source Aperture
- 3.3 Migration and Inverse Wave Extrapolation (IWEX), crossover between NDT and Geophysics [Go to Page]
- 3.3.1 History of Migration in Geophysics
- 3.3.2 Examples of crossover between geophysics and NDT
- 3.3.3 Difference Between Basic FMC-TFM and IWEX
- 3.3.4 Data Displays Used for IWEX
- 3.3.5 Electronics Hardware
- 3.4 Iterative TFM
- 3.5 Adaptive TFM–A Framework [Go to Page]
- 3.5.1 Basic Process
- 3.5.2 Metallurgical Study
- 3.5.3 Material Anisotropy Distribution Model
- 3.5.4 Material Properties and Wave Propagation in an Elastic Media
- 3.5.5 Cauchy Tensor, Christoffel Matrix, and Key Velocity Parameters
- 3.5.6 The Slowness Surface, Slowness Curves
- 3.5.7 Group velocity and Phase velocity
- 3.5.8 Detection of Anisotropic Characteristics
- 3.5.9 Path Dependent Adaptation Process
- 3.5.10 Model Evolution
- 3.5.11 Degrees of Freedom
- 3.5.12 TFM Process
- 3.6 PWI-ML [Go to Page]
- 3.6.1 Plane Wave Imaging
- 3.7 Sectorial Total Focusing [Go to Page]
- 3.7.1 STF, LTF, CTF Processes (Techniques but not Methods)
- 3.8 TFMi [Go to Page]
- 3.8.1 Terminology
- 3.8.2 FMC Acquisition Characteristics
- 3.8.3 Propagation Modes
- 3.8.4 Region of Interest
- 3.8.5 Image Sensitivity
- 3.8.6 TFMi
- 3.8.7 Advantages of TFMi
- 3.9 Phase Coherence Imaging [Go to Page]
- 3.9.1 What is PCI?
- 3.9.2 Interpreting PCI data
- 3.9.3 Conclusion
- 4 INSTRUMENTS [Go to Page]
- 4.1 Hardware Challenges [Go to Page]
- 4.1.1 The Challenge Posed by FMC
- 4.1.2 TFM Image Data Rate
- 4.1.3 The TFM Calculation Challenge
- 4.1.4 FPGA Performance
- 4.1.5 GPU Performance
- 4.1.6 FPGA/GPU Comparison
- 4.1.7 Adaptive and Iterative TFM
- 4.2 Deployment Schemes/Scanning Equipment [Go to Page]
- 4.2.1 Introduction
- 4.2.2 Manual Scanning
- 4.2.3 Nonautomated Scanner
- 4.2.4 Semi-automated Scanner
- 4.2.5 Fully Automated Scanner
- 4.2.6 Application Specific
- 4.2.7 Conclusion
- 5 ARRAYS [Go to Page]
- 5.1 Abstract
- 5.2 Basic Overview of Ultrasonic Transducers and Their Construction [Go to Page]
- 5.2.1 What is a Transducer?
- 5.2.2 The Piezoelectric Effect
- 5.2.3 Types of Transducers
- 5.2.4 Basic Construction
- 5.2.5 Piezocomposite
- 5.3 Transducer Arrays [Go to Page]
- 5.3.1 Linear Arrays
- 5.3.2 Construction of Transducer Arrays
- 5.3.3 Matrix Arrays
- 5.3.4 Common Configurations of Arrays Used in NDE
- 5.4 Transducer Sound Fields [Go to Page]
- 5.4.1 Basic Beam Modeling
- 5.4.2 Near Field Distance
- 5.4.3 Focusing Flat and Curved Oscillators, Spot Size and Depth of Field
- 5.4.4 Beam Divergence/Array Element Performance
- 5.5 Array Design for FMC [Go to Page]
- 5.5.1 Goal of FMC/TFM Imaging
- 5.5.2 Near Field Imaging
- 5.5.3 Angle Limitation/Constant Focal Ratio (F/D)
- 5.5.4 Selection of Array Parameters (Active Plane)
- 5.5.5 Strategy for Setting Passive Plane Parameters
- 5.5.6 Flat or Focused?
- 5.6 Transducer Standards
- 5.7 Conclusions and Recommendations
- 6 MODELING [Go to Page]
- 6.1 General benefits of weld simulation [Go to Page]
- 6.1.1 Effects of Material on Inspection Results
- 6.1.2 Better Understanding of Results via Simulation
- 6.2 Inspection Simulation
- 6.3 Using Modeling for TFM Inspection [Go to Page]
- 6.3.1 Probe Selection
- 6.3.2 Mode of Propagation Selection
- 6.3.3 Modeling as TFM Scan Plan Assistance Tool
- 6.3.4 Example of Modeling as TFM Scan Plan Assistance Tool on ERW pipe
- 7 ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF FMC/TFM VERSUS PAUT [Go to Page]
- 7.1 Advantages [Go to Page]
- 7.1.1 Accurate Visualization
- 7.1.2 Improved Resolution
- 7.1.3 Sound Propagation (dead zone)
- 7.1.4 Near Surface Resolution
- 7.2 Limitations [Go to Page]
- 7.2.1 Selection of the Correct Mode of Propagation for the Type of Flaws
- 7.2.2 Part Geometry and Material Definition
- 7.2.3 Attenuation and Penetration in Thick or Difficult to Penetrate Materials
- 7.2.4 Productivity
- 8 SIZING TECHNIQUES [Go to Page]
- 8.1 Length and Height Sizing [Go to Page]
- 8.1.1 Length Sizing
- 8.1.2 dB Drop Through-Wall Height Sizing of Embedded Flaws
- 8.1.3 Tip Diffraction for Embedded Indications
- 8.1.4 Sizing Cluster Indications Such as Porosity
- 8.1.5 Tip Diffraction for Through-Wall Sizing of ID/OD-connected Cracks
- 8.1.6 Length and Height Sizing Comparisons with Various Methods–TFM, TOFD, PAUT
- 9 FRACTURE MECHANICS FLAW CHARACTERIZATION [Go to Page]
- 9.1 Introduction to Fracture Behavior
- 9.2 Overview of Fracture Mechanics
- 9.3 History of Fracture Mechanics
- 9.4 Two Main Categories of Fracture Mechanics [Go to Page]
- 9.4.1 Summary
- 9.5 Application of Fracture Mechanics [Go to Page]
- 9.5.1 Damage Tolerant Design
- 9.5.2 Planning for Inspection Using These Damage Tolerance Principles
- 9.6 ASME Code Margins and Safety
- 9.7 Flaw Evaluation Procedures Using Fracture Mechanics [Go to Page]
- 9.7.1 Steps in the ASME BPVC Section XI Flaw Evaluation Procedure
- 9.8 Acceptance Criteria Examples
- 9.9 Applying the Acceptance Criteria Tables and Using Interpolation [Go to Page]
- 9.9.1 Linear Interpolation
- 10 APPLICATIONS [Go to Page]
- 10.1 In-service Inspections: FMC Techniques for High Temperature Hydrogen Attack Assessment [Go to Page]
- 10.1.1 Problem Definition
- 10.1.2 Solution
- 10.1.3 Array Probes Design and Optimization
- 10.1.4 FMC Capabilities Validation
- 10.1.5 Conclusions
- 10.2 FMC/TFM Based Inspection of Small-Diameter Components for FAC Damage [Go to Page]
- 10.2.1 Summary
- 10.2.2 Background
- 10.2.3 Feeder Pipes
- 10.2.4 Degradation Mechanism
- 10.2.5 Component Description
- 10.2.6 Inspection Specification Requirements
- 10.2.7 Complicating Factors
- 10.2.8 Overview
- 10.2.9 Separation of Tasks
- 10.2.10 Training
- 10.2.11 Equipment
- 10.2.12 Software
- 10.2.13 Calibration
- 10.2.14 Data Acquisition Process
- 10.2.15 Recording
- 10.2.16 Data Acquisition Procedure
- 10.2.17 Data Analysis Process
- 10.2.18 Data Analysis Procedure
- 10.2.19 Results
- 10.2.20 Discussion
- 10.2.21 Further Developments
- 10.2.22 Conclusions
- 10.3 Crack Growth Monitoring with PAUT and TFM [Go to Page]
- 10.3.1 Introduction
- 10.3.2 Approach
- 10.3.3 Description of the UT Setup
- 10.3.4 Results
- 10.3.5 Analysis
- 10.3.6 Conclusions and Next Steps
- 10.4 Weld Examination-Introduction [Go to Page]
- 11.4.1 General Requirements
- 10.4.2 Equipment
- 10.4.3 Getting Started
- 10.4.4 Scan Plan
- 10.4.5 Equipment Set-Up
- 10.4.6 Scanning/Data Collection
- 10.4.7 Evaluation
- 10.4.8 Examples
- REFERENCES
- APPENDIX A: FMC-TFM DATA OF INTERNAL SURFACE (ID), EXTERNAL SURFACE (OD) AND MID-WALL TYPES OF DEFECTS REPRESENTED BY NOTCHES
- APPENDIX B: TFM DATA PRESENTATION AND FLAWS SIZING [Go to Page]