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ASHRAE Standard 161-2023 -- Air Quality within Commercial Aircraft (ANSI Approved), 2023
- ASHRAE Online Bookstore
- Addenda
- Errata
- Return to Previous Page
- ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 161-2023 [Go to Page]
- Contents
- Foreword
- 1. Purpose
- 2. Scope [Go to Page]
- 2.1 This standard applies to commercial passenger air-carrier aircraft carrying 20 or more passengers and certified under Title 14 CFR Part 25 1.
- 2.2 This standard considers chemical, physical, and biological contaminants as well as moisture, temperature, pressure, and other factors that may affect air quality.
- 2.3 Because this standard cannot take into account every variable, especially those relating to safe operation of the aircraft, the diversity of sources and types of contaminants in aircraft cabin air, and the range of susceptibility in the populatio...
- 3. Definitions
- 4. Compliance
- 5. General Requirements [Go to Page]
- 5.1 Pressure. This section addresses aircraft compartment pressurization and the rate of change of pressure during normal aircraft ascent and descent.
- 5.2 Temperature. Temperature design and operating requirements for thermal comfort in the aircraft cabin are specified in Table 5-1. The criteria are based on aircraft environmental control system (ECS) engineering design experience and on ANSI/ASHRA...
- 5.3 Humidity. During flight, cabin humidity tends to be low due to the dryness of the outside supply air at altitude and the minimal moisture that is generated by occupants and equipment. In the absence of mechanical humidification, the humidity and ...
- 6. Ventilation Requirements [Go to Page]
- 6.1 Ventilation Requirements During Flight. The requirements of Section 6.1 and its subsections apply while the aircraft is in flight. Crew work area minimum airflow requirements apply to all sections of the cabin.
- 6.2 Ventilation Requirements for Ground Operations. The following minimum ventilation rates apply to the economy section of the cabin during ground operations unless otherwise noted. The ventilation requirements are defined according to the source of...
- 6.3 Acceptable Supply Air Quality. Section 6.3 applies both in-flight and during ground operations unless otherwise specified.
- 6.4 Ventilation Shutdown. During certain normal operations, such as engine starting, connecting to or disconnecting from ground air sources, takeoff, and deicing, it may be necessary to temporarily reduce or shut off the outside airflows to the cabin...
- 7. Contaminants [Go to Page]
- 7.1 Ozone. The in-flight ozone concentration shall not exceed 0.25 ppm by volume (ppmv) (sea level equivalent) at any time, and the time-weighted average ozone concentration shall not exceed 0.1 ppm during any consecutive three-hour period. These ozo...
- 7.2 Bleed Air Contaminant Monitoring. Monitoring in the air supply system for specific sources of bleed air contaminants is intended to facilitate pilot and maintenance actions where necessary and to provide an indication of contaminants in the air s...
- 8. Measures to Address Contamination of the Cabin and Flight Deck Air During Episodic and Nonepisodic Events [Go to Page]
- 8.1 Introduction. Table 8-1 lists contaminants and sources of contamination to be addressed in the design, operation, and maintenance of aircraft environmental control systems.
- 8.2 General
- 8.3 Deicing Fluid. See also Section 8.2.
- 8.4 Exhaust Fumes During Ground Operation
- 8.5 Fuel. See also Section 8.2.
- 8.6 Hydraulic Fluid. See also Section 8.2.
- 8.7 Engine Oil. See also Section 8.2.
- 8.8 Ozone
- 8.9 Bacteria and Viruses
- 8.10 Disinsection Methods to Comply with Relevant Quarantine Regulations
- 8.11 Lavatory Fluids/Odors
- 8.12 Cargo/Carry-On Baggage
- 8.13 Anticorrosion Spray and Paint
- 8.14 Galley Odors
- 8.15 Solvents
- 8.16 Electrical Odors
- 8.17 Dry Ice
- 8.18 Flame Retardant
- 8.19 Refrigerants
- 9. Measurements [Go to Page]
- 9.1 Thermal Measurements. Thermal environmental parameters, including air temperature, surface temperatures, operative temperature, relative humidity, and air speed shall be determined in accordance with ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55 5, Section 7.
- 9.2 Airflow Determination. Outside airflow rates and total airflow rates for each section of the cabin and each galley, jumpseat, crew rest area, and lavatory shall be determined and documented at the time of aircraft manufacture. These rates shall b...
- 10. Documentation
- 11. References
- Informative Appendix A: Additional Information on Measures to Address Contamination of the Cabin and Flight Deck AIR During Episodic or Nonepisodic Events [Go to Page]
- A1. Introduction
- A2. Description of Terms [Go to Page]
- A2.1 Control Measures. Control measures are procedures or system modifications that are implemented to reduce the potential for contamination of the air supply and/or cabin and flight deck surfaces; these may include design changes to the air supply ...
- A2.2 Monitoring. In general, it would be beneficial to measure certain contaminants in the supply air and in the cabin/flight deck for four reasons: (a) to promptly identify contaminants and their sources; (b) to assess the efficacy of existing contr...
- A2.3 Remedies. Remedies refer to the actions that either shall be applied (i.e., it is required) or should be applied (i.e., it is recommended) following a contamination event. The nature of the remedy will depend on the extent of the contamination a...
- A3. Environmental Control System Cleaning Procedures [Go to Page]
- A3.1 Pack Burn. See also Section 8.2, “Remedies,” item (b). When the source/location of contaminated air-supply systems is investigated, suitable, on-ground analytical instruments are recommended to assist maintenance employees. The auxiliary pow...
- A4. Contaminants [Go to Page]
- A4.1 Deicing Fluid. When an aircraft is being deiced, there is the potential for deicing fluid to be ingested into the aircraft ECS and introduced into the cabin and flight deck. Deicing fluid can also potentially enter the aircraft through leaking s...
- A4.2 Exhaust Fumes—Ground Operation. Ground service vehicles (e.g., fuel trucks, belt loaders) are primarily diesel powered. Their exhaust fumes can potentially be drawn into the APU air intake or the conditioned air intake/start carts. Exhaust fum...
- A4.3 Fuel. Fuel vapor may enter the cabin or flight deck during fueling operations at the airport and during airplane tank venting that takes place with filling and failed engine relights. Aircraft systems should be designed, operated, and maintained...
- A4.4 Hydraulic Fluid. Hydraulic fluid can potentially enter the belly of the aircraft following line leakage or overfilling of the reservoir of the hydraulic systems. Hydraulic fluid can then potentially migrate to the rear of the aircraft, drip or f...
- A4.5 Engine Oil. Each engine and APU has its own oil reservoir, oil scavenge system, and oil vent system. Lubricants used in the aircraft engines and the APU can potentially leak into the air that is being compressed. Although such leakage is believe...
- A4.6 Carbon Monoxide. The presence of carbon monoxide (CO) may indicate oil or hydraulic fluid contamination of the bleed air supply system but only during particular phases of flight on particular aircraft types, when the temperature in the aircraft...
- A4.7 Ozone. Ozone is naturally present in the atmosphere as a consequence of the photochemical conversion of oxygen by solar ultraviolet radiation. Ozone concentration increases with increasing latitude, is maximal during spring, and often varies wit...
- A4.8 Bacteria and Viruses. Aircraft air distribution system design is intended to minimize the spread of people-generated contaminants, including bacteria and viruses, by minimizing the airflow in the fore and aft directions while providing ventilati...
- A4.9 Pesticides. A total of 47 countries now require pesticide spraying on all or selected flights. Pesticides are applied either during the flight or shortly before crew and passengers board. The purpose is to prevent the importation of insects that...
- A4.10 Lavatory Fluids/Odors. Lavatory fluids (bowl deodorant, effluent, or drain water) can potentially leak either locally or below the floor and enter the belly of the aircraft following holding tank overflow or cracking/breakage of pipes or tanks,...
- A4.11 Cargo/Carry-On Baggage. Depending on their contents and their integrity, the cargo hold and carry-on baggage could potentially be a source of leaks and contamination in the aircraft cabin. Depending on the air supply system design, the air in t...
- A4.12 Anticorrosion Spray and Paint. An anticorrosion treatment is applied to the inside of the aircraft skin (i.e., the envelope) to prevent liquid spills and condensation from corroding the body of the aircraft. For additional protection, a heavy-d...
- A4.13 Bioeffluents. Because of the high occupant density on commercial aircraft, aircraft occupants are the most significant source of airborne contaminants. Breath exhalation, body odor, and perfumes/colognes/ soap are the main sources of gaseous co...
- A4.14 Galley Odors. Crew and passengers may potentially be exposed to odors from convection ovens, service carts, trash receptacles, coffee brewers, and food spills if the galley ventilation system is not operating properly. The galley ventilation sy...
- A4.15 Solvents. Generally, solvents are not used on an aircraft in operation, but the occasional residue from cleaning or repairing an aircraft component either in or near the flight deck or cabin can potentially be dispersed throughout the flight de...
- A4.16 Electrical Odors. Malfunction and overheating may generate certain acrid odors and/or irritating air contaminants in the cabin or flight deck. Aircraft electrical systems should be designed, operated, and maintained to minimize these occurrences.
- A4.17 Dry Ice. Dry ice is CO2 in the solid state, which, when it sublimes, releases gaseous CO2. The rate of sublimation depends upon how the ice is packaged. Dry ice may be used in the aircraft galleys, services carts, and cargo hold to keep perisha...
- A4.18 Bird Strikes. Birds that enter the aircraft engines may damage the compressors, fans, or propellers. This ingestion sometimes results in cabin odors.
- A4.19 Refrigerants. In most aircraft, regardless of size, refrigerants in vapor cycle air-conditioning units are used to cool food and beverages. In smaller aircraft, this technology is also sometimes used for cabin cooling. Airline crew and passenge...
- A4.20 Odorants. The intentional introduction of odorants into the air supply system is not recommended.
- A4.21 Intentional Malicious Contamination. Chemical and biological attacks cannot be ruled out as potential sources of contamination but are outside the scope of this standard.
- A5. References
- Informative Appendix B: Addenda Description Information [Go to Page]
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