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, 2024
- ASHRAE Online Bookstore
- Addenda
- Errata
- Return to Previous Page
- ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 145.1-2024 [Go to Page]
- Contents
- Foreword
- 1. Purpose
- 2. Scope [Go to Page]
- 2.1 This standard prescribes a small-scale laboratory test method for measuring the contaminant removal efficiency of loose granular sorptive media used in gas-phase air-cleaning equipment as installed (in a test apparatus) in an airstream and challe...
- 2.2 This standard defines methods of calculating and reporting results obtained from the test data and establishes a results reporting system that can be applied to loose granular media covered by this standard.
- 2.3 This standard does not apply to
- 3. Definitions and Acronyms [Go to Page]
- 3.1 Definitions. Some terms are defined here for the purposes of this standard. When definitions are not provided, refer either to ASHRAE Terminology of Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration 1 or to ASTM D-2652-05A, Standard Termin...
- 3.2 Acronyms
- 4. Test Apparatus and Materials [Go to Page]
- 4.1 The test apparatus shall be designed to hold a sample of packed media that is 50 ± 2 mm (2 ± 0.08 in.) in diameter and 25.4 mm (1.00 in.) deep in a manner that ensures supply air is distributed across the entire media sample. The apparatus shal...
- 4.2 Equipment Capability Requirements
- 4.3 Method Detection Limits. The lower detection limit shall be less than or equal to 1% of the challenge gas concentration.
- 5. Test Procedure [Go to Page]
- 5.1 Summary of the Test Method. A specific volume (50 cc [3.05 in.3]) of media is exposed to a known concentration of contaminant gas or gases at a volume flow in a tempered, humidified supply airstream. The inlet and outlet challenge gas concentrati...
- 5.2 Safety Precautions. The use of chemical gases that are potentially toxic dictates adherence to strict safety guidelines applicable to their use.5 All persons with access to these materials must be informed of these guidelines and of those hazards...
- 5.3 Sampling. Bulk media samples shall be obtained from unopened shipping containers chosen at random from stock. Lot numbers, manufacturing dates, etc. shall be recorded if available. When multiple containers of the same lot are present, a small sam...
- 5.4 Test Sequence. The steps in the test sequence are as follows in Sections 5.4.1 through 5.4.8.
- 6. Test Parameters [Go to Page]
- 6.1 The test shall be run at an airflow rate to achieve a residence time of 0.10 ± 0.01 s. Residence time is calculated as follows:
- 6.2 The test air temperature shall be 23°C ± 2°C (73°F ± 4°F) at a rh of 50% ± 5%. Measure absolute pressure upstream.
- 6.3 Challenge gases shall be selected from the acid gas challenge group listed in Table 1 and the VOC challenge group listed in Table 2.
- 7. Data Analysis [Go to Page]
- 7.1 Removal Efficiency. The removal efficiency (in %) Et at time t is determined by the following equation:
- 7.2 Penetration. The penetration (in %) at time t is determined as follows:
- 7.3 Capacity for Removal. The capacity for removal in mass %, Cr, is expressed by
- 7.4 Recommended Procedure for Uncertainty Evaluation of Calculated Parameters
- 7.5 Summary of Recommended Procedure
- 8. Data Quality Control [Go to Page]
- 8.1 Run each sample in replicate. Sequential or simultaneous replicate samples must agree within ±10% of the mean of the individual times (in minutes) to 50% breakthrough to satisfy the requirements of this standard.
- 8.2 Each gas analyzer used shall be calibrated according to the manufacturer’s recommendation. At a minimum, this shall include a five-point concentration calibration spanning the lowest expected concentration to the highest expected concentration ...
- 8.3 Gas flow controllers or flowmeters shall be calibrated according to the manufacturer’s recommendation; at a minimum, it is recommended this be done every six months or after any repair or modification.
- 8.4 Temperature and rh measurement devices shall be calibrated according to the manufacturer’s recommendation. At a minimum, a calibration shall be performed at least annually for temperature measurement devices and at least every six months for rh...
- 9. Reporting Results [Go to Page]
- 9.1 General Data
- 9.2 Test Results
- 10. Normative References
- Normative Appendix A
- Reporting and Interpretation of Results [Go to Page]
- A1. Report Form
- A2. Laboratory Data [Go to Page]
- A2.1 Report Number and Test Number. For the sake of clarity in reporting results, each gas-phase air filtration media performance report shall be assigned a unique number. Multiple test numbers may be assigned to individual test reports when it facil...
- A2.2 Gas Analyzers, Manufacturer, and Models. All of the gas analyzers used for both the indoor air challenge gases and the outdoor air challenge gases, as well as any other individual gases that may have been tested, shall be listed. It would be hel...
- A3. Media Sample Data [Go to Page]
- A3.1 Product Name. Provide the manufacturer’s trade name, product designation, and common name where available. If there is uncertainty as to the identity of the media or its source, provide a generic name for identification purposes that, when com...
- A3.2 Lot/Batch Number. Provide the lot/batch number, which verifies whether the sample was obtained directly from the media manufacturer, a reseller, or another source.
- A3.3 Sample Obtained From. Indicate the source of the sample, such as whether it was provided from manufacturer’s stock, purchased on the open market, obtained from a distributor or end-user, etc. Indicate the date that the sample was taken and/or ...
- A3.4 Substrate Type. Indicate whether the base material is activated carbon, activated alumina, zeolite, silica gel, etc. Where available, indicate specific substrate types, e.g., coconut shell activated carbon.
- A3.5 Appearance. Describe the media’s size, shape, color, and any other physical characteristics that would aid in identification.
- A3.6 Impregnation. Indicate whether the media has been impregnated by “Y” (yes), “N” (no), “U” (unknown), or “P” (if this information is considered proprietary). If the media has been impregnated or treated with any chemical species, ...
- A3.7 Media Size (Claimed). Provide information regarding the manufacturer’s claimed media size, e.g., a standard mesh size (4×6), a particle size (3 mm [1/8 in.]).
- A3.8 Media Size Distribution. If this information is not provided by the manufacturer, report the media size distribution as determined by ASTM D 2862, Standard Test Method for Particle Size.7
- A3.9 Media Bulk Density. Measure and report the apparent density according to ASTM D2854, Standard Test Method for Apparent Density of Activated Carbon.3 Include the manufacturer’s claimed media density where available. If this information is suppl...
- A4. Sample Preconditioning
- A5. Remarks
- A6. Reported Values [Go to Page]
- A6.1 Removal Efficiency at Test End (Er). The value for Er shall be that observed at the end of the five- minute desorption period. If the test is stopped before reaching this endpoint or is allowed to run past this endpoint, the measured efficiency ...
- A6.2 Time to 50% Breakthrough (tb). When the 50% efficiency endpoint has been reached, the elapsed time in minutes shall be recorded in the appropriate space for each challenge gas. If the test is stopped before or after the 50% endpoint is reached, ...
- A6.3 Removal Capacity (Cr). The removal capacity at test end shall be calculated as specified in Section 7.3 and reported as a weight percent in the appropriate space for each challenge gas.
- A6.4 Desorption Occurring (D). Desorption occurring during the five-minute desorption period shall be noted by “Y” (yes) or “N” (no).
- A6.5 Pressure Drop (DP). Both the initial pressure drop (DPi), and the terminal pressure drop (DPt) as measured in Section 5 shall be recorded in the appropriate space for each challenge gas.
- A6.6 Standard/Nonstandard Conditions. If the tests were run at conditions other than those specified in Sections 5 and 6, the line indicating the test was run at nonstandard conditions shall be checked. Nonstandard conditions could include running sh...
- A6.7 Other Challenge Gases. If challenge gases other than those listed for the acid gas and VOC challenge groups are used, their concentrations and the information described in Sections A6.1 through A6.5 shall be recorded in the appropriate space for...
- A7. Efficiency Curves
- A8. Certificate Of Compliance
- A9. Test Method Rationale and Example Efficiency Curves
- Informative Appendix B
- Informative References and Bibliography [Go to Page]
- B1. Informative References
- B2. Bibliography
- Informative Appendix C
- Selection and Generation of Challenge Gases [Go to Page]
- C1. Common Indoor and Outdoor Contaminants and Sources [Go to Page]
- C1.1 Acid (Outdoor Air) Challenge Gases. Some of the most commonly cited gas-phase outdoor air contaminants include ozone, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, and sulfur dioxide (sulfur oxides). The major source of these contaminants in ...
- C1.2 VOC (Indoor Air) Challenge Gases. Contaminants that are present in indoor air from indoor sources fall mainly into the category of VOCs. It is often desirable to remove odorous VOCs from circulated air because they affect the acceptability of th...
- C1.3 Other Challenge Gases. GPAFE is used to remove many contaminants other than the specific challenge gases cited in the previous section. If a specific gas is to be targeted for removal by air cleaning, it is appropriate to conduct the test for th...
- C2. Gas Generation [Go to Page]
- C2.1 Cylinders. Many chemicals are available from gas suppliers as liquefied gases and as calibration gases at concentrations of up to 1%. Either the liquid or the gas form is suitable for use in generating the challenge gas concentrations.The liquid...
- C2.2 Permeation Tubes. Permeation tubes are small, inert capsules containing a pure chemical compound in a two-phase equilibrium between its gas phase and its liquid or solid phase. The capsules are made of suitable inert polymeric material, and at a...
- C2.3 Syringe Injection (HSE 1990). This method is suitable for the generation of atmospheres of gases or low-to-medium boiling liquids from the volume percent level down to 0.1 ppm in one to three dilution steps. The atmosphere may be generated at a ...
- C2.4 Bubblers. A stream of clean, dry air at a controlled flow rate can be passed (bubbled) through (most commonly) a liquid VOC contained in a glass or stainless steel column (impinger), which results in a VOC- saturated airstream. This stream is th...
- C2.5 Sublimation. This method is almost exclusively used to generate gas-phase formaldehyde from paraformaldehyde. Solid paraformaldehyde is placed in a glass or stainless steel container. Thermally conditioned clean, dry air with constant flow rate ...
- C3. Gas Mixtures (Nelson 1992) [Go to Page]
- C3.1 Air Purification. Laboratory compressed air is the most common source of diluent gas for low-concentration, high-volume standard gas mixtures. It is continuously supplied as needed, usually by diesel or electric compressors at pressures of 550 t...
- C3.2 Flow Rate and Volume Measurements. Flow rate and volume measurements play an important role in the production of both static and dynamic gas mixtures. The accuracy with which gases are mixed is directly dependent on the accuracy of such measurem...
- C3.3 Generation of Test Atmospheres. Methods for the generation of challenge gas test atmospheres are generally divided into two categories: static methods and dynamic methods. Methods in the former category involve the introduction of a known weight...
- C4. Gas Delivery [Go to Page]
- C4.1 Rotameters. The most widely used laboratory method for measuring gas or liquid flow rates is the rotameter (also spelled rotometer) or variable-area flowmeter. It is a purely mechanical device usually consisting of a round glass tube of increasi...
- C4.2 Mass Flowmeters/Controllers. A large number of air velocity and flowmeters depend on the rate of cooling or heat transfer. This transfer of heat depends on three factors: the amount of heat added to the gas, the number of molecules (mass flow) p...
- C4.3 Needle Valves. In a gas delivery system, needle valves are sometimes used to regulate gas flow. A needle valve provides gradual adjustment of flow due to its design. High resolution and very low flows can be controlled with a valve of this type....
- C4.4 Orifice Meters. One of the oldest devices for flow rate measurement is the orifice meter. Today it is probably more an object of historical significance due to the current popularity of rotameters and mass flowmeters. Orifice meters, however, ha...
- C4.5 Miscellaneous Devices. A number of techniques for measuring flow rate exist that have not been mentioned in this section. These include thermal transfer, mechanical, and electromechanical methods. Their flow rates cover almost the entire spectru...
- C5. High-Level Challenge Versus Low-Level Performance
- Informative Appendix D
- Summary of Gas Monitoring Methodologies [Go to Page]
- D1. General [Go to Page]
- D1.1 Chemiluminescence (Sometimes Chemoluminescence [CL]). This term refers to the emission of light (luminescence) without emission of heat as the result of a chemical reaction. Most simply, given reactants A and B, with an excited intermediate , we...
- D1.2 Colorimetry (CO). Colorimetry is the science that describes colors in numbers or provides a physical color match using a variety of measurement instruments depending on the desired information about the color or colors required. It is a form of ...
- D1.3 Electrochemical Sensors (ECS). Electrochemical sensors are sensors in which the basic components are a working (or sensing) electrode, a counter electrode, and usually a reference electrode as well. These electrodes are enclosed in the sensor ho...
- D1.4 Flame Emission Photometry (FEP). Flame emission photometry is a form of flame photometry in which a sample solution to be analyzed is aspirated into a hydrogen-oxygen or acetylene-oxygen flame. The line emission spectrum is formed, and the line ...
- D1.5 Gas Chromatography (GC). Gas chromatography is a chromatographic technique that can be used to separate organic compounds that are volatile. A gas chromatograph consists of a flowing mobile phase, an injection port, a separation column containin...
- D1.6 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy. FTIR spectroscopy is a measurement technique whereby spectra are collected based on measurements of the temporal coherence of a radiative source using time-domain measurements of the electromagneti...
- D1.7 Metal Oxide Semiconductor Sensors (MOSs). In this type of sensor, the sensing layer is a porous, thick film of polycrystalline tin oxide (SnO2). In normal ambient air, oxygen and water-vapor related species are adsorbed at the surface of the SnO...
- D1.8 Photoacoustic (PA) Spectroscopy. PA spectroscopy is a measurement technique based on the photoacoustic effect. The discovery of the photoacoustic effect dates to 1880, when Alexander Graham Bell showed that thin discs emitted sound when exposed ...
- D1.9 Pulsed Ultraviolet (PUV) Fluorescence Spectroscopy. PUV spectroscopy is a measurement technique based on the principle that gas molecules (e.g., SO2) absorb ultraviolet (UV) light, become excited at one wavelength, then decay to a lower energy s...
- D2. Typical Methods of Measurement [Go to Page]
- D2.1 Method Concepts. The methods listed in the following sections can be broadly divided into two categories:
- D2.2 Typical Sampling Methods. These may include but are not limited to the following:
- D2.3 Typical Analysis Methods
- Informative Appendix E
- Addenda Description [Go to Page]
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