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ASHRAE Decarbonizing Hospital Buildings (ASHE Co-Sponsored), 2024
- Contents
- Foreword 1
- Foreword 2
- Preface
- Acknowledgments [Go to Page]
- Scope of this Guide
- ASHRAE Decarbonization Guides
- Introduction
- Hospital Decarbonization— A High-Level Approach
- The Last 25% and the Future of Decarbonization
- Implications for Electrical Distribution Systems [Go to Page]
- 1.1 The Magnitude of Scope 1 Emissions
- 1.2 Maximizing Energy Flows in a Hospital—Extracting and Moving Existing Heat [Go to Page]
- 1.2.1 Sources of Heat
- 1.2.2 Using Heat Pumps to Connect Energy Flows
- 1.3 When Existing Heat Isn’t Enough—Other Sources of Heat [Go to Page]
- 1.3.1 Thermal Energy Storage
- 1.3.2 Solar Thermal
- 1.3.3 Electric Peaking Boilers
- 1.3.4 On-Site Waste-to-Energy Systems
- 1.4 Heating Load Reduction: Reduce Heating Requirements to a Minimum [Go to Page]
- 1.4.1 Passive Design Strategies
- 1.4.2 Building Envelope Improvements
- 1.4.3 Program Distribution and Zoning
- 1.4.4 Variable-Air-Volume Systems
- 1.4.5 Displacement Ventilation (DV) Systems
- 1.4.6 Decouple Heating, Cooling, and Dehumidification from Ventilation Air
- 1.4.7 Control Systems and Managing Airflow Rates
- 1.5 Very Cold Climates
- 1.6 End Uses to be All-Electric [Go to Page]
- 1.6.1 Service Water Heating
- 1.6.2 Sterilization
- 1.6.3 Humidification
- 1.6.4 Food Service
- 1.6.5 Laundry
- 1.6.6 Laboratory
- 1.7 Energy Resilience [Go to Page]
- 1.7.1 Overview and Grid Interactivity
- 1.7.2 NEC, NFPA 99, NFPA 110
- 1.8 On-Site Electrical Energy Generation [Go to Page]
- 1.8.1 On-Site Solar Energy (Photovoltaic)
- 1.8.2 Fuel Cells
- 1.8.3 Long-Duration Energy Storage Systems (LDES)
- 1.8.4 Microgrids
- 1.8.5 Renewable Combustion
- 1.9 Other Scope 1 Opportunities and Implications [Go to Page]
- 1.9.1 Inhaled Anesthetics
- 1.9.2 Electric Transportation Fleet and Private Vehicles
- 1.9.3 Refrigerants
- Chapter 1: Building Design to Eliminate Scope 1 Building Emissions [Go to Page]
- 2.1 Impact of Carbon Intensity of Different Electric Grids [Go to Page]
- 2.1.1 Strategy 1: Load Reduction
- 2.1.2 Strategy 2: Buy Green Tariffs from the Utility
- 2.1.3 Strategy 3: Virtual Power Purchase Agreement
- 2.1.4 Strategy 4: On-Site Renewable Energy Generation
- Chapter 2: Building Design to Eliminate Scope 2 Emissions [Go to Page]
- 3.1 The Magnitude of Scope 3 Building Emissions
- 3.2 Whole Life Carbon: Balancing Operational and Embodied Emissions
- 3.3 Reducing Upfront Embodied Carbon [Go to Page]
- 3.3.1 Eliminate or Minimize New Buildings
- 3.3.2 Right-Sizing or Reducing the Size of New Buildings and Building Systems
- 3.3.3 Efficient Use of Materials
- 3.3.4 Low-Carbon Manufacturing and Transportation
- 3.3.5 Reduce Construction Emissions
- 3.3.6 Minimize Waste
- 3.4 Reducing In-Use Embodied Carbon [Go to Page]
- 3.4.1 Design for Durability, Longevity, and Flexibility
- 3.4.2 Design to Support Waste Reduction, Recycling, and Composting
- 3.5 Reducing End-of-Life Carbon
- 3.6 Reducing Emissions Related to Operational Water Use
- 3.7 Reducing Fugitive Emissions from Refrigerants and Anesthetic Gases
- 3.8 Industry Initiatives to Benchmark Embodied Carbon in Hospitals
- Chapter 3: Building Design to Reduce Scope 3 Emissions [Go to Page]
- 4.1 Metering and Measuring [Go to Page]
- 4.1.1 Value of Metering and Measuring
- 4.1.2 Implementation of Metering
- 4.1.3 Making the Data Meaningful
- 4.1.4 Cloud-Based Diagnostics and Future AI
- 4.2 Considerations for Building Managers [Go to Page]
- 4.2.1 Staff Capabilities Needed for Operations and Staff Training
- 4.2.2 First Year Monitoring, Ongoing Detection, and Diagnostics
- 4.2.3 Hand-Off and Operations and Maintenance Materials
- 4.3 Resilience and Adaptation Overlay
- Chapter 4: Making it Work from Design to Operation [Go to Page]
- 5.1 Bridging Strategies
- 5.2 Existing Buildings and Hospital-Specific Solutions
- 5.3 Integrated Approach: Teaming, Goal Setting, Integrated Design, and Efficient Systems to Meet Design Targets
- 5.4 Buy Environmental Attributes
- Chapter 5: Intermediate Approaches: Decarb-Ready
- Conclusion: Moving Toward a Decarbonized Future
- References [Go to Page]
- ASHRAE Position Document on Building Decarbonization (PDBD)
- ASHRAE Infectious Aerosols Position Document
- ASHRAE Standard 170
- ASHRAE Standard 241
- Licensing and Reimbursement Regulations
- Internal Revenue Service and Community Benefit
- Department of Energy and State Compliance
- NFPA Documents
- The Joint Commission (TJC) and Other Accrediting Organizations
- Prescription
- Appendix 1: Regulatory Context
- Appendix 2: Other Resources [Go to Page]