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eLibrary > ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice 113: Substation Structure Design Guide Recommended Practice for Design and Use, 2nd Edition >

ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice 113: Substation Structure Design Guide Recommended Practice for Design and Use, 2nd Edition, 2023

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice
Contents
Preface
Blue Ribbon Panel Reviewers
Acknowledgments
Dedication
Chapter 1: Introduction [Go to Page]
References
Chapter 2: Definitions, Electrical Equipment, and Structure Types [Go to Page]
2.1 Purpose
2.2 Definitions, Substation Types, and Components [Go to Page]
2.2.1 Substation
2.2.2 Switchyard or Switching Station
2.2.3 Unit Substation
2.2.4 Transmission Line
2.2.5 Air-Insulated Substation
2.2.6 Gas-Insulated Substation, GIS
2.2.7 Electrical Clearance
2.2.8 Buswork System
2.2.9 Short-Circuit Force
2.2.10 Dead-End Structures
2.2.11 Box-Type Structure
2.2.12 Shielding Mast
2.2.13 Lightning Mast
2.3 Electrical Equipment and Supports [Go to Page]
2.3.1 Power Transformer and Autotransformer
2.3.2 Shunt Reactor
2.3.3 Current-Limiting Inductor or Air Core Reactor
2.3.4 Line Trap
2.3.5 Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformer
2.3.6 Disconnect Switch
2.3.7 Circuit Switcher (Load Interrupter Switch)
2.3.8 Circuit Breaker
2.3.9 Potential and Current Transformers
2.3.10 Capacitor Bank
2.3.11 Surge Arrester
2.3.12 Neutral Grounding Resistor
2.3.13 Cable Terminator
2.3.14 Insulator
2.3.15 Bus Duct
2.3.16 Fire Barriers
2.3.17 Control Enclosures
2.3.18 Transformers
2.4 Definition of Responsibilities [Go to Page]
2.4.1 Owner
2.4.2 Structure Designer
2.4.3 Supplier or Fabricator
References
Chapter 3: Loading Criteria for Substation Structures [Go to Page]
3.1 Basic Loading Conditions [Go to Page]
3.1.1 Dead Loads
3.1.2 Equipment Operating Loads
3.1.3 Terminal Connection Loads for Electrical Equipment
3.1.4 Wire Tension Loads
3.1.5 Extreme Wind Loads
3.1.6 Ice Loads with Concurrent Wind
3.1.7 Seismic Loads
3.1.8 Short-Circuit (Fault) Loads
3.1.9 Construction and Maintenance Loads
3.1.10 Wind-Induced Oscillations
3.1.11 Loading Criteria for Deflection Limitations
3.1.12 National Electrical Safety Code Loads
3.1.13 State and Local Regulatory Loads
3.2 Application of Loads
3.3 Load Factors and Combinations
3.4 Alternate Design Loads and Load Factors
3.5 Serviceability Considerations
References
Chapter 4: Deflection Criteria (For Operational Loading) [Go to Page]
4.1 Structure Classifications and Deflection Limits [Go to Page]
4.1.1 Deflection Analysis and Criteria
4.1.2 Class A Structures
4.1.3 Class B Structures
4.1.4 Class C Structures
4.2 Special Considerations for Deflection Analysis [Go to Page]
4.2.1 Multiple-Use Structures
4.2.2 Rotational Limitation
4.2.3 Anchorage and Member Connection Restraints
4.2.4 Gross versus Net Deflections
4.2.5 Shielding Masts and Other Tall, Slender Structures
4.2.6 Rigid Bus Vertical Deflection Criteria
4.3 Summary
Reference
Chapter 5: Method of Analysis [Go to Page]
5.1 Overview
5.2 Stress Criterion versus Deflection Criterion
5.3 The Structure Model [Go to Page]
5.3.1 Individual Members and Connections
5.3.2 Truss Model
5.3.3 Frame Model
5.3.4 Finite-Element Model
5.3.5 Loads and Support Conditions
5.4 Static Analysis Method [Go to Page]
5.4.1 Approximate Analysis
5.4.2 First-Order Elastic Analysis
5.4.3 Second-Order Elastic Analysis
5.4.4 First-Order Inelastic Analysis
5.4.5 Analysis Requirements in Commonly Used Documents
5.5 Dynamic Analysis Method [Go to Page]
5.5.1 Steady-State Analysis
5.5.2 Eigenvalue Analysis: Natural Frequencies and Normal Modes
5.5.3 Response Spectrum Analysis
5.6 Recommendation for an Analysis Method [Go to Page]
5.6.1 Static Analysis
5.6.2 Dynamic Analysis
5.7 Analysis of Short-Circuit Events [Go to Page]
5.7.1 Rigid Bus Analysis Methods
5.7.2 Rigid Bus Analysis Methods Discussion
5.7.3 Short-Circuit Analysis Considerations
References
Chapter 6: Design [Go to Page]
6.1 General Design Principles
6.2 Design Methods
6.3 Steel Structures [Go to Page]
6.3.1 Ultimate Strength Design
6.4 Concrete Structures [Go to Page]
6.4.1 Reinforced Concrete Structures
6.4.2 Prestressed Concrete Structures
6.4.3 Prestressed Concrete Poles
6.5 Aluminum Structures [Go to Page]
6.5.1 Typical Substation Alloys and Tempers
6.5.2 Applications to Substation Structures
6.5.3 Use Limitation with Aluminum Substation Structures
6.5.4 Aluminum Connections
6.5.5 Aluminum Design Resources
6.6 Wood Structures [Go to Page]
6.6.1 Ultimate Strength Design
6.6.2 Allowable Strength Design
6.7 Seismic Design Guidelines [Go to Page]
6.7.1 Structures That Support Electrical Equipment Qualified for IEEE 693
6.7.2 Structures Not Covered by IEEE 693
6.8 Base Plate Design [Go to Page]
6.8.1 Determination of Anchor Rod Loads
6.8.2 Determination of Base Plate Thickness
6.8.3 Anchor Rod Holes in Base Plates
6.8.4 Base and Flange Plate Design for Deflection-Sensitive Structures
6.9 Rigid Bus Design [Go to Page]
6.9.1 Bus Layout Configuration
6.9.2 Rigid Bus Materials and Shapes
6.9.3 Fittings and Couplers
6.9.4 Insulators
6.9.5 Bus System Design
6.9.6 Rigid Bus Seismic Considerations
6.10 Special Considerations [Go to Page]
6.10.1 Precautions Regarding the Magnetic Fields of Air Core Reactors
6.10.2 Vortex-Induced Oscillation and Vibration
6.10.3 Galvanizing Steel Considerations
6.10.4 Painted or Metallized Steel Considerations
6.10.5 Member Connection Design
6.10.6 Weathering Steel Structures
6.10.7 Guyed Substation Structures
6.10.8 Aluminum with Dissimilar Materials
References
Chapter 7: Foundations [Go to Page]
7.1 Foundation Types [Go to Page]
7.1.1 Shallow Foundations
7.1.2 Deep Foundations
7.1.3 Direct Embedment
7.1.4 Helical Screw Anchor Piles
7.2 Geotechnical Subsurface Exploration [Go to Page]
7.2.1 General
7.2.2 Existing Geological Data
7.2.3 Site-Specific Subsurface Exploration
7.3 Additional Design Considerations [Go to Page]
7.3.1 Frost Action
7.3.2 Expansive or Collapsible Soils
7.3.3 Corrosion
7.3.4 Seismic Loads and Dynamic Loads
7.3.5 Soil–Structure Interaction
7.4 Loading Considerations [Go to Page]
7.4.1 Load Application
7.4.2 Load Combinations
7.5 Durability of Concrete
7.6 Special Considerations [Go to Page]
7.6.1 Operational Loads
7.6.2 Construction Loads
7.6.3 Group Effects
7.6.4 Slopes and Excavations
7.6.5 Constructability
7.6.6 Settlement, Rotation, and Deflection
7.6.7 Uplift
7.6.8 Seismic Base Isolation
7.6.9 Grounding
7.6.10 National Electrical Safety Council District Loading and Foundation Design
References
Chapter 8: Connections to Foundations [Go to Page]
8.1 Foundation Types and Anchorage Systems [Go to Page]
8.1.1 Spread Footing Foundation
8.1.2 Drilled Pier Foundation
8.1.3 Anchor Rods Installed without Grout Beneath Base Plates
8.1.4 Embedded Structural Steel
8.2 Anchor Materials
8.3 Anchor Arrangements and General Design Considerations [Go to Page]
8.3.1 Base Plates Supported by Anchor Rods with Leveling Nuts
8.3.2 Anchor Rods with Base Plates on Concrete or Grout
8.4 Anchors Cast in Place [Go to Page]
8.4.1 Types of Anchors
8.4.2 Design Considerations for Anchor Steel
8.4.3 Design Considerations for Concrete
8.5 Post-installed Anchors in Concrete [Go to Page]
8.5.1 Types and Application
8.5.2 Design
8.5.3 Installation
References
Chapter 9: Quality Control and Quality Assurance [Go to Page]
9.1 General
9.2 Steel Structures [Go to Page]
9.2.1 Material
9.2.2 Welding
9.2.3 Fabrication Inspection
9.2.4 Structure Coating
9.3 Aluminum Structures [Go to Page]
9.3.1 Material
9.3.2 Welding
9.3.3 Fabrication
9.3.4 Inspection
9.3.5 Structure Coating
9.4 Concrete Structures [Go to Page]
9.4.1 Reinforced Concrete
9.4.2 Prestressed Concrete Poles
9.4.3 Inspection
9.5 Wood Structures [Go to Page]
9.5.1 Material and Treatment
9.5.2 Manufacturing and Fabrication
9.5.3 Inspection
9.6 Shipping
9.7 Handling and Storage
References
Chapter 10: Construction, Maintenance, and Testing [Go to Page]
10.1 Construction
10.2 Maintenance
10.3 Worker Safety
10.4 Full-Scale Structural Proof Tests
References
Chapter 11: Retrofit of Existing Substation Infrastructures [Go to Page]
11.1 General
11.2 Alternative Methods for Retrofit or Reinforcement of Substation Infrastructures [Go to Page]
11.2.1 Types of Structures That May Require Reinforcement/Repair
11.2.2 Retrofit Methods
11.2.3 Methods of Anchorage Retrofit
11.2.4 Considerations When Retrofitting Steel Structures
11.2.5 Structure Finish and Its Consideration to the Retrofit Process
11.3 Environmental Concerns When Retrofitting Substations [Go to Page]
11.3.1 Asbestos in Existing Substations
11.3.2 Demolition Activities
11.3.3 Renovation Activities
11.3.4 Soil Contamination in Existing Substations
11.4 Enhancing Security and Resilience of Electrical Substations
11.5 Retrofit Design Considerations
11.6 Installation
References
Chapter 12: Oil Containment and Barrier Walls [Go to Page]
12.1 General
12.2 Oil Containment [Go to Page]
12.2.1 General
12.2.2 Containment Systems
12.2.3 Oil Retention Drainage
12.2.4 Design Considerations
12.3 Types of Barrier Walls [Go to Page]
12.3.1 General
12.3.2 Firewalls
12.3.3 Sound Walls
12.3.4 Ballistic Walls and Blast Walls
References
Appendix A: Examples [Go to Page]
A.1 Load Development for a Three-Phase Bus Support Structure (Figure A-1a) [Go to Page]
A.1.1 Extreme Wind Loads (Section 3.1.5)
A.1.2 Combined Ice and Wind Loads (Section 3.1.6)
A.1.3 Seismic Loads (Section 3.1.7)
A.1.4 Short-Circuit Loads (Section 3.1.8)
A.1.5 Deflection Case Wind Loads (Section 3.1.11)
A.2 Load Development for a Dead-End Structure Example [Go to Page]
A.2.1 Extreme Wind Loads (Section 3.1.5)
A.2.2 Combined Ice and Wind Loads (Section 3.1.6)
A.2.3 NESC District Loading—Heavy Loading (IEEE 2023)
A.3 Anchor Rod on Leveling Nuts Design Example
A.4 Base Plate Design Example
A.5 Deflection Examples [Go to Page]
A.5.1 Deflection Example, Three-Phase Bus Support Stand—Class “B” Structure
A.5.2 Deflection Example, Three-Phase Switch Support Stand, Single Column—Class “A” Structure
A.5.3 Deflection Example, Three-Phase Switch Support Stand, Double Column—Class “A” Structure
A.6 Dynamic Analysis of a Steel Lattice Rack-Type Structure (Figure A-8)
References
Appendix B: Short-Circuit Forces [Go to Page]
B.1 Short-Circuit Current
B.2 Electromagnetic Force Variation with Time
B.3 Application of Short-Circuit Forces to Structures
References
Appendix C: Seismic Design Parameters [Go to Page]
References
Appendix D: Draft Pre-Standard Substation Civil/Structural Design Standard [Go to Page]
D.1 Purpose
D.2 Scope
D.3 Applicable Documents
D.4 Definitions
D.5 Load Cases and Combinations for Strength Design [Go to Page]
D.5.1 Introduction
D.5.2 Basic Load Cases
D.5.3 Supplemental and Serviceability Load Cases
D.5.4 Load Combination and Load Factors
D.5.5 Reliability Adjustment
D.6 Loads [Go to Page]
D.6.1 Dead Loads
D.6.2 Equipment Operating Loads
D.6.3 Terminal Connection Loads for Electrical Equipment
D.6.4 Wire Loads
D.6.5 Extreme Wind Loads
D.6.6 Ice Loads with Concurrent Wind
D.6.7 Legislated Loads
D.6.8 Other High-Consequence Events
D.6.9 Seismic Loads
D.6.10 Short-Circuit (Fault) Loads
D.6.11 Construction and Maintenance Loads
D.6.12 Loading Criteria for Deflection Limits
D.6.13 National Electrical Safety Code Loads
D.7 Design of Members [Go to Page]
D.7.1 General Design Principles
D.7.2 Design Methods
D.7.3 Steel Structures
D.7.4 Concrete Structures
D.7.5 Aluminum Structures
D.7.6 Wood Structures
D.7.7 Base Plate Design
D.7.8 Rigid Bus Design
D.7.9 Special Design Considerations
D.8 Barrier Structure Requirements: Oil Spill Containment, Fire, Sound, and Ballistic Walls [Go to Page]
D.8.1 Structural Design Considerations
D.8.2 Barrier Walls
D.9 Design of Connections to Foundations [Go to Page]
D.9.1 Anchorage Systems for Given Foundation Types
D.9.2 Anchor Materials
D.9.3 Anchor Arrangements and General Considerations
D.9.4 Anchors Cast in Place
D.9.5 Post-installed Anchors in Concrete
D.10 Foundations [Go to Page]
D.10.1 Definitions
D.10.2 Geotechnical Subsurface Explorations
D.10.3 Environmental Considerations
D.10.4 Durability
D.10.5 Foundation Load Combinations
D.11 Quality Assurance and Control [Go to Page]
D.11.1 Introduction
D.11.2 Material
D.11.3 Welding
D.11.4 Structure Coating
D.11.5 Fabrication Inspection
D.11.6 Visual Inspection
D.11.7 Inspection of Welds
D.11.8 AISC Compliance
D.11.9 Inspection Reports
D.11.10 Shipping
D.11.11 Handling and Storage
D.12 Construction and Maintenance [Go to Page]
D.12.1 Introduction
D.12.2 Construction and Maintenance Access
References
Index [Go to Page]

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