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IEEE/IEC International Standard for TAP-changers --Part 2: Application guidelines, 2019
- IEC/IEEE 60214-2 Front Cover
- Title page
- CONTENTS
- FOREWORD
- INTRODUCTION
- 1 Scope
- 2 Normative references [Go to Page]
- 2.1 IEC references
- 2.2 IEEE references
- 3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms [Go to Page]
- 3.1 Terms and definitions
- 3.2 Abbreviated terms
- 4 Use of normative references
- 5 Application of tap-changers for transformers and reactors [Go to Page]
- 5.1 General
- 5.2 Typical circuits for regulation
- 5.3 Basic arrangements of tapped windings with on-load tap-changers
- 5.4 Basic arrangements of tapped windings with step-voltage regulator on-load tap-changers
- 5.5 Basic arrangements of tapped windings with de-energized tap-changers [Go to Page]
- 5.5.1 Bridging contact scheme for DETC
- 5.5.2 Linear contact scheme for DETC
- 5.5.3 WYE (star) contact scheme for DETC
- 5.5.4 Most common basic arrangements for different combinations
- 6 Types of tap-changers [Go to Page]
- 6.1 On-load tap-changers (OLTCs) [Go to Page]
- 6.1.1 General
- 6.1.2 Principles of operation
- 6.1.3 Physical layouts
- 6.2 De-energized tap-changers (DETCs) [Go to Page]
- 6.2.1 General
- 6.2.2 Types of DETC
- 6.2.3 Location of DETC in the transformer tank or enclosure
- 6.3 Tap-changer environment [Go to Page]
- 6.3.1 Liquid immersed tap-changers
- 6.3.2 Dry-type tap-changers (OLTC and DETC)
- 6.3.3 Gas-immersed tap-changers (SF6-insulated tap-changers)
- 6.4 Other types [Go to Page]
- 6.4.1 General
- 6.4.2 Electronic tap-changers
- 6.4.3 Step-voltage regulators
- 6.4.4 Advance retard switch (ARS)
- 6.4.5 OLTCs for distribution transformers
- 7 On-load tap-changers [Go to Page]
- 7.1 General
- 7.2 Selection of OLTCs [Go to Page]
- 7.2.1 Basic parameters
- 7.2.2 Additional data
- 7.3 Application of OLTCs [Go to Page]
- 7.3.1 General
- 7.3.2 OLTCs for application in special transformers with non-sinusoidal currents (HVDC, rectifier transformers, converter transformers, etc.)
- 7.3.3 OLTCs for PSTs
- 7.3.4 OLTCs for arc furnace transformers
- 7.3.5 OLTCs for shunt reactors
- 7.3.6 OLTCs for series reactors
- 7.3.7 OLTCs for unit auxiliary transformers
- 7.3.8 OLTCs for railway supply transformers
- 7.3.9 Transformers and phases out-of-step condition
- 7.4 Other important parameters for OLTCs [Go to Page]
- 7.4.1 Current wave shapes other than sinusoidal
- 7.4.2 Operating pressure
- 7.4.3 Operational life of breaking and making contacts
- 7.4.4 Tap-changer mechanical life
- 7.4.5 Motor-drive mechanism
- 7.4.6 Pressure and vacuum test
- 7.4.7 Temperature conditions
- 7.4.8 Overloading conditions
- 7.4.9 Continuous consecutive operations
- 7.4.10 Preventive autotransformer circuit (reactor type tap-changer only)
- 8 De-energized tap-changers [Go to Page]
- 8.1 General
- 8.2 Selection of DETCs [Go to Page]
- 8.2.1 Currents
- 8.2.2 Rated step voltage
- 8.2.3 Insulation level
- 8.2.4 Number of tap positions
- 8.3 Application of DETCs [Go to Page]
- 8.3.1 General
- 8.3.2 Frequencies
- 8.3.3 Application involving non-sinusoidal currents(HVDCs, rectifier transformers, converter transformers, etc.)
- 8.3.4 DETCs for arc furnace transformers and other high load cycle applications
- 8.3.5 DETCs for peaking pulsing loads
- 8.4 Other important parameters for DETCs [Go to Page]
- 8.4.1 Tap-changer mechanical life
- 8.4.2 Motor-drive
- 8.4.3 Paralleling de-energized tap-changers/current splitting
- 9 Protective devices for OLTCs [Go to Page]
- 9.1 General
- 9.2 Increase of pressure within diverter or selector switch liquid compartments [Go to Page]
- 9.2.1 General
- 9.2.2 Liquid flow controlled relay
- 9.2.3 Overpressure relay
- 9.2.4 Sudden pressure relay
- 9.2.5 Pressure relief device
- 9.3 Increase of pressure within a diverter or selector switch in SF6 [Go to Page]
- 9.3.1 General
- 9.3.2 Pressure gauge (compound gauge)
- 9.3.3 Sudden pressure relay
- 9.4 Switching under excessive overload
- 9.5 Extreme medium temperatures
- 9.6 Increase of pressure within separate tap selector liquid compartments [Go to Page]
- 9.6.1 General
- 9.6.2 Double element gas and liquid operated relay (Buchholz)
- 9.6.3 Overpressure relay
- 9.6.4 Pressure relief device
- 9.7 Tap-change supervisory circuit and phase unbalance protection
- 9.8 Vacuum interrupter monitoring system
- 10 Fittings and accessories for OLTCs [Go to Page]
- 10.1 General
- 10.2 Valves, air release vents and liquid-sampling devices
- 10.3 Liquid-level gauges
- 10.4 Low liquid-level alarms
- 10.5 Dehydrating breathers
- 10.6 Oil filtering equipment
- 10.7 Devices to aid maintenance
- 10.8 Nameplate and other plates
- 11 Storage and installation of the tap-changer [Go to Page]
- 11.1 Storage of OLTC and DETC when not in operation [Go to Page]
- 11.1.1 General
- 11.1.2 Storage prior to installation
- 11.1.3 Storage after installation
- 11.2 Leads assembly to/at the tap-changer
- 11.3 Tap-changer mounting to the transformer tank
- 11.4 Processing and filling
- 11.5 Operation of OLTC for ratio measurement
- 12 Field service (operation, maintenance and monitoring) [Go to Page]
- 12.1 Commissioning [Go to Page]
- 12.1.1 General
- 12.1.2 Transformer ratio measurement
- 12.1.3 Tap-changer concerns during winding resistance measurement
- 12.1.4 Check of the synchronization of the drive system
- 12.1.5 General functional checks
- 12.2 Operation [Go to Page]
- 12.2.1 Parallel operation
- 12.2.2 Contact erosion and liquid contamination
- 12.2.3 Overheating of contacts when operating in fixed tap position
- 12.2.4 Discharges during the operation of change-over selectors
- 12.3 Maintenance [Go to Page]
- 12.3.1 General
- 12.3.2 Maintenance intervals
- 12.3.3 Performance of maintenance
- 12.3.4 Maintenance work
- 12.3.5 Contact resistance measurement
- 12.3.6 Motor-drives and shafts
- 12.3.7 Accessories
- 12.4 Monitoring [Go to Page]
- 12.4.1 General
- 12.4.2 Periodic monitoring
- 12.4.3 Continuous monitoring
- 12.4.4 Commercial monitoring systems
- 13 Safety [Go to Page]
- 13.1 Gases
- 13.2 Operation of an on-load tap-changer [Go to Page]
- 13.2.1 General
- 13.2.2 Overpressure protection
- 13.2.3 Pressure relief devices
- 13.3 Operation of de-energized tap-changers [Go to Page]
- 13.3.1 General
- 13.3.2 Manual drive operation
- 13.3.3 Motor-drive operation
- 13.4 Immersing medium
- 14 Information to be provided by the transformer manufacturer [Go to Page]
- 14.1 Information required at the enquiry or order stage for an OLTC
- 14.2 Information required at the enquiry or order stage for a DETC [Go to Page]
- 14.2.1 General
- 14.2.2 Only for rack or slide-type design of DETC
- 14.2.3 Small DETCs
- 14.3 Documentation
- Bibliography
- IEEE Back Cover
- Figures [Go to Page]
- Figure 1 – Tap-changers in a star-connected winding
- Figure 2 – Tap-changers in series transformers
- Figure 3 – Tap-changers in delta-connected windings
- Figure 4 – Tap-changers in autotransformers
- Figure 5 – Basic arrangements of the regulating winding
- Figure 6 – Common connection arrangements
- Figure 7 – Operating sequence of a diverter switch (d to i) and tap selector (a to c)(non-vacuum type diverter switch with operating cycle number 1)
- Figure 8 – Operating sequence of a selector switch (a to e)(non-vacuum type selector switch with operating cycle number 1)
- Figure 9 – Diagram of connections of non-vacuum, resistor type on-load tap-changers(IEC 60214-1:2014, Table A.1, or IEEE Std C57.131-2012, Table A.1)
- Figure 10 – Diagram of connections of vacuum, resistor type on-load tap-changers(IEC 60214-1:2014, Table A.3)
- Figure 11 – Operating sequence (a) to g)) of a diverter switch and tap selector(non-vacuum type)
- Figure 12 – Diagram of connections of non-vacuum, reactor type on-load tap-changers(IEC 60214-1:2014, Annex B, or IEEE Std C57.131-2012, Annex B)
- Figure 13 – Diagram of connections of reactor type on-loadtap-changer with vacuum interrupter and tap selector(IEC 60214-1:2014, Annex B, or IEEE Std C57.131-2012, Annex B)
- Figure 14 – Common layouts for compartment type tap-changers
- Figure 15 – Common layouts for in-tank-type tap-changers
- Figure 16 – Common arrangements of DETCs in the transformer main tank
- Figure 17 – Externally mounted diverter compartmentwith an in-tank tap selector and a barrier board
- Figure 18 – ARS application and mode of operation in a PST
- Figure 19 – Selector at both fine tap and coarse winding
- Figure 20 – Tap-changer oil conservator arrangement
- Figure 21 – Current splitting in DETCs
- Figure 22 – Types of in-tank OLTC installations within the transformer [Go to Page]