Already a subscriber?
MADCAD.com Free Trial
Sign up for a 3 day free trial to explore the MADCAD.com interface, PLUS access the
2009 International Building Code to see how it all works.
If you like to setup a quick demo, let us know at support@madcad.com
or +1 800.798.9296 and we will be happy to schedule a webinar for you.
Security check
Please login to your personal account to use this feature.
Please login to your authorized staff account to use this feature.
Are you sure you want to empty the cart?
BS EN 61400-4:2013 Wind turbines - Design requirements for wind turbine gea, 2013
- 30276328-VOR.pdf [Go to Page]
- CONTENTS
- FOREWORD
- INTRODUCTION
- 1 Scope
- 2 Normative references
- 3 Terms, definitions and conventions [Go to Page]
- 3.1 Terms and definitions
- 3.2 Conventions
- 4 Symbols, abbreviations and units [Go to Page]
- 4.1 Symbols and units
- 4.2 Abbreviations
- 5 Design for reliability [Go to Page]
- 5.1 Design lifetime and reliability
- 5.2 Design process
- 5.3 Documentation
- 5.4 Quality plan
- 6 Drivetrain operating conditions and loads [Go to Page]
- 6.1 Drivetrain description [Go to Page]
- 6.1.1 General
- 6.1.2 Interface definition
- 6.1.3 Specified requirements across interfaces
- 6.2 Deriving drivetrain loads [Go to Page]
- 6.2.1 Wind turbine load simulation model
- 6.2.2 Wind turbine load calculations
- 6.2.3 Reliability of load assumptions
- 6.3 Results from wind turbine load calculations [Go to Page]
- 6.3.1 General
- 6.3.2 Time series
- 6.3.3 Fatigue load
- 6.3.4 Extreme loads
- 6.4 Operating conditions [Go to Page]
- 6.4.1 General
- 6.4.2 Environmental conditions
- 6.4.3 Operating strategies
- 6.5 Drivetrain analysis
- 7 Gearbox design, rating, and manufacturing requirements [Go to Page]
- 7.1 Gearbox cooling
- 7.2 Gears [Go to Page]
- 7.2.1 Gear reliability considerations
- 7.2.2 Gear rating
- 7.2.3 Load factors
- 7.2.4 Gear materials
- 7.2.5 Subsurface initiated fatigue
- 7.2.6 Gear accuracy
- 7.2.7 Gear manufacturing
- 7.3 Bearings [Go to Page]
- 7.3.1 General
- 7.3.2 Bearing reliability considerations
- 7.3.3 Bearing steel quality requirements
- 7.3.4 General design considerations
- 7.3.5 Bearing interface requirements
- 7.3.6 Bearing design issues
- 7.3.7 Bearing lubrication
- 7.3.8 Rating calculations
- 7.4 Shafts, keys, housing joints, splines and fasteners [Go to Page]
- 7.4.1 Shafts
- 7.4.2 Shaft-hub connections
- 7.4.3 Flexible splines
- 7.4.4 Shaft seals
- 7.4.5 Fasteners
- 7.4.6 Circlips (snap rings)
- 7.5 Structural elements [Go to Page]
- 7.5.1 Introduction
- 7.5.2 Reliability considerations
- 7.5.3 Deflection analysis
- 7.5.4 Strength verification
- 7.5.5 Static strength assessment
- 7.5.6 Fatigue strength assessment
- 7.5.7 Material tests
- 7.5.8 Documentation
- 7.6 Lubrication [Go to Page]
- 7.6.1 General considerations
- 7.6.2 Type of lubricant
- 7.6.3 Lubricant characteristics
- 7.6.4 Method of lubrication
- 7.6.5 Oil quantity
- 7.6.6 Operating temperatures
- 7.6.7 Temperature control
- 7.6.8 Lubricant condition monitoring
- 7.6.9 Lubricant cleanliness
- 7.6.10 Lubricant filter
- 7.6.11 Ports
- 7.6.12 Oil level indicator
- 7.6.13 Magnetic plugs
- 7.6.14 Breather
- 7.6.15 Flow sensor
- 7.6.16 Serviceability
- 8 Design verification [Go to Page]
- 8.1 General
- 8.2 Test planning [Go to Page]
- 8.2.1 Identifying test criteria
- 8.2.2 New designs or substantive changes
- 8.2.3 Overall test plan
- 8.2.4 Specific test plans
- 8.3 Workshop prototype testing [Go to Page]
- 8.3.1 General
- 8.3.2 Component testing
- 8.3.3 Workshop testing of a prototype gearbox
- 8.3.4 Lubrication system testing
- 8.4 Field test [Go to Page]
- 8.4.1 General
- 8.4.2 Validation of loads
- 8.4.3 Type test of gearbox in wind turbine
- 8.5 Production testing [Go to Page]
- 8.5.1 Acceptance testing
- 8.5.2 Sound emission testing
- 8.5.3 Vibration testing
- 8.5.4 Lubrication system considerations
- 8.5.5 System temperatures
- 8.6 Robustness test
- 8.7 Field lubricant temperature and cleanliness
- 8.8 Bearing specific validation [Go to Page]
- 8.8.1 Design reviews
- 8.8.2 Prototype verification/validation
- 8.9 Test documentation
- 9 Operation, service and maintenance requirements [Go to Page]
- 9.1 Service and maintenance requirements
- 9.2 Inspection requirements
- 9.3 Commissioning and run-in
- 9.4 Transport, handling and storage
- 9.5 Repair
- 9.6 Installation and exchange
- 9.7 Condition monitoring
- 9.8 Lubrication [Go to Page]
- 9.8.1 Oil type requirements
- 9.8.2 Lubrication system
- 9.8.3 Oil test and analysis
- 9.9 Operations and maintenance documentation
- Annex A (informative)Examples of drivetrain interfaces and loads specifications
- Annex B (informative)Gearbox design and manufacturing considerations
- Annex C (informative)Bearing design considerations
- Annex D (informative)Considerations for gearbox structural elements
- Annex E (informative)Recommendations for lubricant performance in wind turbine gearboxes
- Annex F (informative)Design verification documentation
- Annex G (informative)Bearing calculation documentation
- Bibliography
- Figures [Go to Page]
- Figure 1 – Shaft designation in 3-stage parallel shaft gearboxes
- Figure 2 – Shaft designation in 3-stage gearboxes with one planet stage
- Figure 3 – Shaft designation in 3-stage gearboxes with two planet stages
- Figure 4 – Design process flow chart
- Figure 5 – Examples of bearing selection criteria
- Figure 6 – Blind bearing assembly
- Figure 7 – Definition of section factor npl,( of a notched component
- Figure 8 – Idealized elastic plastic stress-strain curve
- Figure 9 – Synthetic S/N curve (adapted from Haibach, 2006)
- Figure A.1 – Modular drivetrain
- Figure A.2 – Modular drivetrain with 3-point suspension
- Figure A.3 – Integrated drivetrain
- Figure A.4 – Reference system for modular drivetrain
- Figure A.5 – Rear view of drivetrain
- Figure A.6 – Reference system for modular drivetrain with 3-point suspension
- Figure A.7 – Reference system for integrated drivetrain
- Figure A.8 – Example of rainflow counting per DLC
- Figure A.9 – Example of load revolution distribution (LRD)
- Figure C.1 – Load bin reduction by lumping neighbouring load bins
- Figure C.2 – Consumed life index (CLI)
- Figure C.3 – Time share distribution
- Figure C.4 – Effects of clearance and preload on pressure distribution in radial roller bearings (from Brandlein et al, 1999)
- Figure C.5 – Nomenclature for bearing curvature
- Figure C.6 – Stress distribution over the elliptical contact area
- Figure C.7 – Examples of locating and non-locating bearing arrangements
- Figure C.8 – Examples of locating bearing arrangements
- Figure C.9 – Examples of accommodation of axial displacements
- Figure C.10 – Examples of cross-locating bearing arrangements
- Figure C.11 – Examples of bearing arrangements with paired mounting
- Figure D.1 – Locations of failure for local (A) and global (B) failure
- Figure D.2 – Local and global failure for two different notch radii
- Figure D.3 – Haigh-diagram for evaluation of mean stress influence (Haibach, 2006)
- Figure E.1 – Viscosity requirements versus pitch line velocity
- Figure E.2 – Test apparatus for filterability evaluation
- Figure E.3 – Example for circuit design of combined filtration and cooling system
- Tables [Go to Page]
- Table 1 – Symbols used in the document
- Table 2 – Abbreviations
- Table 3 – Mesh load factor K( for planetary stages
- Table 4 – Required gear accuracy
- Table 5 – Temperature gradientsfor calculation of operating clearance
- Table 6 – Bearing lubricant temperaturefor calculation of viscosity ratio, (
- Table 7 – Guide values for maximum contact stress at Miner’s sum dynamic equivalent bearing load
- Table 8 – Minimum safety factors for the different methods
- Table 9 – Partial safety factors for materials
- Table 10 – Partial safety factors (m for synthetic S/N-curves of cast iron materials
- Table 11 – Recommended cleanliness levels
- Table A.1 – Drivetrain elements and local coordinate systems
- Table A.2 – Drivetrain element interface dimensions
- Table A.3 – Interface requirements for modular drivetrain
- Table A.4 – Interface requirements for modular drivetrain with 3-point suspension
- Table A.5 – Interface requirements for integrated drivetrain
- Table A.6 – Engineering data and required design load descriptions
- Table A.7 – Rainflow matrix example
- Table A.8 – Example of load duration distribution (LDD)
- Table A.9 – Extreme load matrix example
- Table B.1 – Recommended gear tooth surface roughness
- Table C.1 – Guide values for basic rating life Lh10 for preliminary bearing selection
- Table C.2 – Static load factors for radial bearings
- Table C.3 – Bearing types for combined loads with axial loads in double directions
- Table C.4 – Bearing types for combined loads with axial loads in single direction
- Table C.5 – Bearing types for pure radial load
- Table C.6 – Bearing types for axial load
- Table C.7 – Bearing selection: Legend
- Table C.8 – Bearing selection: Low speed shaft (LSS) / planet carrier
- Table C.9 – Bearing selection: Low speed intermediate shaft (LSIS)
- Table C.10 – Bearing selection: High speed intermediate shaft (HSIS)
- Table C.11 – Bearing selection: High speed shaft (HSS)
- Table C.12 – Bearing selection: Planet bearing
- Table D.1 – Typical material properties
- Table E.1 – Viscosity grade at operating temperature for oils with VI = 90
- Table E.2 – Viscosity grade at operating temperature for oils with VI = 120
- Table E.3 – Viscosity grade at operating temperature for oils with VI = 160
- Table E.4 – Viscosity grade at operating temperature for oils with VI = 240
- Table E.5 – Standardized test methods for evaluating WT lubricants (fresh oil)
- Table E.6 – Non-standardized test methods for lubricant performance (fresh oil)
- Table E.7– Guidelines for lubricant parameter limits
- Table F.1 – Design validation and verification documentation [Go to Page]